Introduction and Development of Microprocessor

Introduction:

- If ALU, CU and registers are incorporated on a solitary chip utilizing LSI or VLSI at that point, coming about processor is called microchip unit or essentially chip.

- A clock driven semiconductor gadget comprising of electronic rationale circuits produced by utilizing either LSI or VLSI strategies.

- A multipurpose, programmable, clock-driven enlist based electronic gadget that peruses double information as information and process information as indicated by given guideline and gives results as yield.

Development/ Evolution of Microprocessor:

Evolution of Some Intel Processors:

8080:

-First general purpose microprocessor

-8 bit machine with 8 bit data and 16 bit address path to memory

8086:

-Powerful 16 bit machine with 1MB memory capacity

- have wider data path, larger registers and pipelining

-consist of instruction cache

80286:

-8086 with addressing capacity 16MB instead of 1MB

80386:

- Intel’s first 32 bit microprocessor

-complex and power of mini computers and mainframes

80486:

-uses sophisticated, more powerful cache technology and pipelining

Pentium:

-introduces the use of super scalar techniques

-allow multiple instructions to execute in parallel

→Small computer that contains microprocessor is called microcomputer.

→They ranges from 4 -bit word to 32 – bit words.

→ CPU is single integrated circuit called microprocessor.    

→ Major parts are central processing unit, memory, input/ output ports.

→Each of these parts are connected through address bus, data bus and control bus.

Von-Neumann Machine:

- program for the ENIAC was to a great degree dull 

- The programming procedure could be encouraged if the program could be spoken to in a shape reasonable for putting away in memory close by the information 

- Then, a PC could get its guidelines by understanding them from the memory and a program could be set or adjusted by setting the estimations of a bit of memory. This approach is called STORED PROGRAM CONCEPT, first adjusted by John Von Neumann 

- The Von Neumann Architecture is the essential reason for the design of the present advanced PCs.

- The Von Neumann engineering is a plan show for put away program computerized PC that uses a focal preparing unit (CPU) and a solitary separate stockpiling structure (memory) to hold the two directions and information 

- The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is equipped for performing math and legitimate tasks on paired information 

- control unit interferes with the directions in memory and cases them to be executed 

- The I/O unit gets worked from the control unit 

- The capacity area of the CU and ALU are called REGISTERS.

The Various Registers of this model are:

(i). MBR (Memory Buffer Register)

(ii). MAR (Memory Address Register)

(iii). IR (Instruction Register)

(iv). IBR (Instruction Buffer Register)

(v). PC (Program Counter)

Harvard Architecture:

- In Von Neumann design, the handling pace of PC is moderate. The Harvard design based PC comprises of particular memory spaces for guidelines and memory. Every memory space has its own particular address and information transport 

- The program memory information transport and information memory information transport are multiplexed to shape single information transport and same for address transport 

- Two timekeepers of RAM chips are for program memory and another for information memory 

- Both guidelines and information can be brought from memory simultaneously (increment in speed) 

- The information memory address: number juggling unit creates information memory address 

- Data memory address transport conveys the memory address of the information. While, program memory address transport conveys the memory address of the guideline 

- Central math unit comprises of ALU, multiplier, Ac (collector) 

- PC is utilized to address program memory 

- Control unit controls the grouping of activity to be executed

Fig: Harvard Architecture

                      Source: TU IOE Microprocessor Manual (EG573EX), Oct. 1999, Pg.:6

Application of Microprocessor

In this growing electronics world none of the sector will be away from the use of microprocessor. However, its applications of Microprocessor are generalized in following groups:

(i). Test instruments

(ii). Communications

(iii). Computer

(iv). Industries